It is not the kind of change America needs. But it is not the kind of change America wants. The agenda Clinton and Clinton would impose on America-abortion on demand, a litmus test for the Supreme Court, homosexual rights, discrimination against religious schools, women in combat units-that's change, all right. It is a cultural war, as critical to the kind of nation we will one day be as was the Cold War itself." In addition to criticizing environmentalists and feminism, he portrayed public morality as a defining issue: He argued: "There is a religious war going on in our country for the soul of America. In a prime- time slot at the 1992 Republican National Convention, Buchanan gave his speech on the culture war. ĭuring the 1992 presidential election, commentator Pat Buchanan mounted a campaign for the Republican nomination for president against incumbent George H. When this threat ended upon the close of the Cold War, Evangelical leaders transferred the perceived source of threat from foreign communism to domestic changes in gender roles and sexuality. She writes that Evangelical Christians viewed a particular Christian masculine gender role as the only defense of America against the threat of communism. Historian Kristin Kobes Du Mez attributes the 1990s emergence of culture wars to the end of the Cold War in 1991. For example, Bill O'Reilly, a conservative political commentator and former host of the Fox News Channel talk show The O'Reilly Factor, emphasizes differences between "Secular-Progressives" and "Traditionalists" in his 2006 book Culture Warrior. Others have adopted the dichotomy with varying labels. Hunter characterized this polarity as stemming from opposite impulses, toward what he referred to as Progressivism and as Orthodoxy. Furthermore, not only were there a number of divisive issues, but society had divided along essentially the same lines on these issues, so as to constitute two warring groups, defined primarily not by nominal religion, ethnicity, social class, or even political affiliation, but rather by ideological world-views. He argued that on an increasing number of " hot-button" defining issues- abortion, gun politics, separation of church and state, privacy, recreational drug use, homosexuality, censorship-there existed two definable polarities. Hunter described what he saw as a dramatic realignment and polarization that had transformed American politics and culture. James Davison Hunter, a sociologist at the University of Virginia, introduced the expression again in his 1991 publication, Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America. In subsequent decades during the 20th century, the term was published occasionally in American newspapers. It was also a result of the cultural shifts and modernizing trends of the Roaring '20s, culminating in the presidential campaign of Al Smith in 1928. This followed several decades of immigration to the States by people who earlier European immigrants considered 'alien'. This usage originated in the 1920s when urban and rural American values came into closer conflict. In American usage, "culture war" may imply a conflict between those values considered traditionalist or conservative and those considered progressive or liberal. The translation was printed in some American newspapers at the time. In German, Kulturkampf, a term coined by Rudolf Virchow, refers to the clash between cultural and religious groups in the campaign from 1871 to 1878 under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck of the German Empire against the influence of the Roman Catholic Church. The term culture war is a loan translation ( calque) of the German Kulturkampf ('culture struggle'). These include wedge issues such as abortion, homosexuality, transgender rights, pornography, multiculturalism, racism and other cultural conflicts based on values, morality, and lifestyle which are described as the major political cleavage. Its contemporary use refers to a social phenomenon in which multiple social groups, holding distinct values and ideologies, attempt to steer public policy in opposition to each other, thus a culture war now describes "hot button" or "polarizing" social issues in politics and public policy. It commonly refers to topics on which there is general societal disagreement and polarization in societal values. Bismarck (left) and the Pope (right), from the German satirical magazine Kladderadatsch, 1875Ī culture war is a cultural conflict between social groups and the struggle for dominance of their values, beliefs, and practices.
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